I dont think they realise the risk of an eruption (A-E). The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano had a huge impact on air travel, changing the assessment of risk by the aviation sector and catalyzing new lines of scientific investigation. It is important to note, however, that the perspectives presented here are predominantly drawn from a survey implemented during the early to medium-term stages of recovery (where early and medium are classified as beginning to resume some kind of normal existence and life is finally beginning to feel stable (Crutchfield, 2013), respectively). Communities impacted by jkulhlaup (flood) inundation and ash fall exceeding 1cm (from Bird et al., 2018). They dont seem like they are afraid or trying to get information about when the next [eruption] comes. Google Scholar, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009a) Public perception of jkulhlaup hazard and risk in Iceland: implications for community education. Furthermore, earlier response plans were centred on a Katla eruption rather than a response to an Eyjafjallajkull eruption. It May Be About to Erupt - Newstimepaper, This week 17,000 earthquakes struck southwestern Iceland. Farming has traditionally been the main livelihood in Icelands South region. Also, there was much media focus on a Katla eruption being generated because of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Additional localised disruption continued into May 2010, and eruptive activity persisted until June 2010. Even where compliance did not occur, residents showed respect for authority and the jobs they were undertaking, despite the errors and confusion. Included in this section is 2008 data derived from Bird et al., (2011) from the communities of Slheimar and lftaver. 26 Apr 2010 Originally published 26 Apr 2010. Additional aspects, however, were included to examine experiences related to the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. As a consequence, several evacuation orders were issued during the 2010 events via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. The points raised in the following excerpt taken from one interview with a resident were echoed by several other respondents. That is of course how and why Iceland is settled, in general, after all, you just deal with the avalanches, you just deal with the everything, the cold winters, eruptions, because the good sides are so many, so you have to compromise (A-E). 7 Iceland's Financial Crisis and Its Causes In October 2008, Iceland nationalized its three largest banks. In addition, the sweeper system was deployed. A volcanic eruption in Iceland is continuing to ground flights in the UK and Europe, but 227 years ago a far more devastating eruption occurred wiping out a fifth of the island's population - as well as tens of thousands across Europe. Not only is this evident in the study region between neighbours, but also between residents, scientists, officials and local police. As with the semi-structured interviews conducted in 2010, the 2016 open interviews were audio recorded with consent and transcribed by the authors. To be effective, warnings need to be clear, precise and consistent as people will focus on minor points of inconsistency to support their decision to reject proposed actions (Drabek, 1999). Tierney KJ, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2001) Facing the unexpected: disaster preparedness and response in the United States. The day after the eruption we felt the ash come over here and it was completely dark. Sometimes beginning with an . How many people are stranded after the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull. Despite these issues, the majority of respondents believed both evacuations were necessary. Nat Hazards Rev 8:6977, Drabek TE (1986) Human system responses to disaster: an inventory of sociological findings. Another noteworthy change in the population structure of the South region is the increase in migration. Contributions from the Ash Fall Impacts Working Group, Katharine Haynes, Carolina Garcia Londoo and Gurn Ptursdttir are appreciated in relation to the development of the questionnaire. Given the complexities of risks associated with volcanic hazards in Icelande.g., jkulhlaups, lightning, poisonous gases, as well as ash fallit is critical that these are clearly communicated with sufficient detail to avoid confusion among new residents. New residents may also benefit from storytelling, involving detailed accounts from people who experienced the event. The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll received came from DCPEM/police (38% A-E; 43% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (31% A-E; 14% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 14% V-E)Footnote 1. Google Scholar, Drabek TE (1999) Understanding disaster warning responses. 0.0 / 5. It can be about Arop | World News, today's news, latest news, South-west Iceland is shaking and may be about to erupt - WeJan, South-west Iceland is shaking and may be about to erupt | My Adivasi, South-West Iceland's Been Hit by 17,000 Earthquakes This Week. The last composite volcano eruption occurred on March 20, 2010. It does not mean, however, that all relationships are amicable. Find out why I would be anxious. I think thats what most everyone did. Population data sourced from slfur Gylfi Plmason, the head of the Rangring eystra municipality, and Statistics Iceland (2016). Exact figures on how many people were supposed to evacuate during both phases of the eruption are not available. In: Fearnley CJ, Bird DK, Haynes K, Mcguire WJ, Jolly G (eds) Observing the Volcano World: Volcano Crisis Communication. Total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors (Statistics Iceland, 2017c). Flexibility in the evacuation plans also helped people cope and residents were impressed with open and transparent communication from officials. Health effects inlcude respiratory problems, eye problems, and skin irritiation. Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, Dash N, Gladwin H (2007) Evacuation decision making and behavioral responses: individual and household. These figures, however, should be treated with caution. The transcripts underwent a further analysis to capture detail and nuances within the data that relate to the aims of this paper. You should also know and understand the immediate and long term responses and how volcanic eruptions are monitored. Accessed 8 Dec 2017, Stjrnarr slands (2014a) Innanrkisrherra setur njar reglugerir um 9 sslumannsumdmi og 9 lgregluumdmi. As soon as we knew when the flood had come we told the people that we would let them go home and feed their animals. The reasons for not evacuating were due to caring for others or thinking the warnings were not applicable. Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland - 2010 Impacts Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland - 2010 Type of Plate Boundary The volcano is situated on a constructive plate boundary between the North American and Eurasian plate . The animals aren't as effected because the lava flow is slow enough everyone should be able to get away in time. volume4, Articlenumber:151 (2018) The volcanoes and districts of Icelands South region. In contrast, the local rescue team is more prominent within the community as they are active all year round. Our results here showing an increase in perceived preparedness and decrease in perception of risk associated with damage to property and home may stem from the relatively low impacts of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and the fact that residents believed they coped moderately well, in general. One of the semi-structured interviews revealed that while the respondent marked on the questionnaire that they had evacuated, in reality, they had not. Consisting of local residents as volunteers, some of whom form part of the local rescue team, their role is to sweep their neighbourhood by going from house to house to ensure everyone has received the warnings and have, or are in the process of evacuating to their designated centre (Bird et al., 2009b). It has been relatively quiet since 2010 2010).An interaction between ash and magma led to large volumes of finely comminuted . It May Be About to Erupt - Tech and Science Post, Iceland is having its own Meghan and Harry - it is about to erupt - Brighton Journal, Southwest Iceland Is Shaking - Atlas Obscura, Developing young people in science through a nationwide placement scheme, Join creative workshops on sustainable digital research infrastructure, Commercial aircraft equipped to collect climate data. In its path, the lava decimated houses, schools and the city's main water reservoir. Report for the Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC, Melbourne, Haynes K, Handmer J, Mcaneney J, Tibbits A, Coates L (2010) Australian bushfire fatalities 19002008: exploring trends in relation to the Prepare, stay and defend or leave early policy. The research also highlights the importance of local residents knowing and sharing their stories and experiences with their neighbours. These trigger a series of pre-decisional processes that stimulate the receiver to consider their perception of the threat, alternative options for protective action and their perceptions of the relevant stakeholders involved (Lindell and Perry, 2012). or more economically developed countries. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Sigfsdttir ID, Thorlindsson T, Kristjnsson L, Roe KM, Allegrante JP (2009) Substance use prevention for adolescents: the Icelandic Model. It would have therefore been more logical to practice it under the new police jurisdiction once it had been created (RT). Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. Iceland volcano: Naval ships sent to rescue stranded Britons Aircraft carrier and assault ships deployed to boost cross-Channel options for travellers hit by ash cloud flight ban The naval ships. In this instance, emergency managers need to be aware of normalisation bias, where individuals believe they are able to cope with a future (larger) event, based on a past experience of coping with a previous (smaller) event (Paton et al., 2001). They are providing food for the. ISSN 2662-9992 (online), Responding to volcanic eruptions in Iceland: from the small to the catastrophic, humanities and social sciences communications, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (, http://www.almannavarnir.is/utgefid-efni/?wpdmc=articles-in-english, https://reliefweb.int/report/world/phases-disaster-recovery-emergency-response-long-term, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02001.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=e87bdd18-bb84-4e71-8c4f-611b8d583564, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px, https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2014/12/19/Innanrikisradherra-setur-nyjar-reglugerdir-um-9-syslumannsumdaemi-og-9-logregluumdaemi/, https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/innanrikisraduneyti-media/media/frettir-2014/logreglan.pdf, http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Jan 8, 2023 6:01 pm (GMT +0) (Jan 8, 2023 18:01 GMT) 3.3. It is apparent that this trust has stemmed from open, regular and transparent communication well before and throughout the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. What are the long term effects of volcanic eruption? Immediate responses Long term responses Manila airport closed 200000 people relocated Red Cross, Action Aid and Oxfam provided food and blankets . Respondents comments to corresponding open questions and during the interviews highlighted the importance of secondary sources of information as a means for residents to confirm the first source of news to evacuate. Ash advisories derived from dispersion-model output were issued by the London VAAC, depicting the presence of ash over large parts of Europe and the North Atlantic. They registered in and out of the area. CAS Using the Citizen Science methodology, Earthwatch's mission statement is "to engage people worldwide in . Predominantly short term- examples (Management) 2 / 9. With the rapidly increasing number of tourists in the region, the police/DCPEM may need to consider further non-compliance, particularly among tour operators and tourist accommodation managers/staff due to their duty of care to their patrons. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/phases-disaster-recovery-emergency-response-long-term. Evacuation orders were disseminated via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. Based on questionnaire survey results, interviews with key stakeholders and data derived from Statistics Iceland, this paper considers how residents might respond to a future eruption by examining their experience of the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions against the changing demographic, economic and political landscape. Evacuation plans, based on a 2005 hazard assessment (see Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005), were finalised during this period (Bird et al., 2011). Solid red vertical line indicates timing of Icelands financial crash in 2008. The lava flow from the Nyiragongo volcano flowed to the northeast of the city of Goma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). J Hazard Mater 75:181194, Article So they were surprised when it turned out to be like a medium Katla. The plume from the volcano has spread across the North Sea and dropped untold megatons of microscopic . The transcripts underwent a further analysis to capture detail and nuances that relate to the aims of this paper. But it didnt worry us at all. Edward Elgar, UK, Bird DK, Gisladottir G, Dominey-Howes D (2010) Volcanic risk and tourism in southern Iceland: Implications for hazard, risk and emergency response education and training. On Friday, March 19, at around 8:45 p.m. local time, molten rock breached the surface in a valley near a flat-topped mountain named Fagradalsfjall, in the region of Geldingadalur, six miles from the nearest town. ADS Nearly all flights in Europe and across the Atlantic Ocean were suspended for almost a week, as ash from the eruption of the volcano threatened flight safety. Since then, the industry has flourished resulting in a rapid increase in employment numbers particularly since 2012corroborating the statements from officials in 2016. Part of the Advances in Volcanology book series (VOLCAN) Abstract Eyjafjallajkull became Iceland's most infamous volcano in 2010 when the ash cloud from its summit eruption caused unprecedented disruption to the international aviation industry and considerable challenges to local farming communities and villages. As the communities diversify, so too will peoples beliefs, values and activities. A largely unknown, hard-to-pronounce volcano erupted, grinding Europe to a halt. Created by. Environmental cues, observed and communicated by farmers in Fljtshl as a fire on top of the mountain, were the first notification that alerted officials and monitoring scientists that an eruption had commenced on 20 March 2010. And we could see. The questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were comprehensive, taking 3045min and up to 2h and 36min to complete, respectively. I was concerned about the horses I found it terrifying and I feared that the ash would [continue to increase in quantity] (). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Migration into the South region (Statistics Iceland, 2017b). That would worry us. In April 2010, Eyjafjallajkull, a volcano in southern Iceland, began spewing several kilometres of volcanic ash into the atmosphere.The cloud of ash forced the greatest airspace closure since World War II, cancelling nearly 100,000 flights and disrupting the travel plans of tourists and business travelers alike throughout northern Europe. People used to be everywhere and its still the same, but now there are 30 times, 100 times more [tourists]. Tourism became a large contributor to the economy after the 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Furthermore, the required action, i.e., to evacuate, was clearly communicated. This is particularly pertinent among those that have immigrated from abroad. The questionnaire was administered as a hardcopy. 1) producing spectacular fire-fountain activity and lava flows. The search for the six people still missing around the 3,067 meter peak of the volcano on the. Its more like Hekla erupting. From crops to houses!! . The former two incorporate the qualitative results mixed with verbatim quotes from the 2010 and 2016 interviews and open responses given in the 2010 questionnaire. As the communities diversify, so too will peoples beliefs, values and activities. Scientists had already said many times that Eyjafjallajkull was a lazy crater with rather slow, small eruptions, not much coming out of the crater. The inherent challenges this enhanced diversity brings with respect to developing risk mitigation strategies cannot be ignored. Its all going very well in a way but its a huge change because the tourists have multiplied - there are a lot more tourists here than there used to be three years ago. An additional 13 respondents indicated they had tourism as their main occupation. This extends from the south coast of the island and was imposed because of the size of the existing volcanic dome and the resulting potential for pyroclastic activity. 150km2 of reforestation projects destroyed. The kids they can learn everything. Researching disaster risk is therefore an ongoing challenge requiring a continual process of generating understanding of the changing environmental and societal characteristics that influence disaster vulnerability. While interviewees stated that available resources were insufficient in dealing with the increased number of tourists visiting the area they also raised concerns relating to the amalgamation of districts on 1 January 2015. The IVATF included representatives from government and industry groups involved in aviation regulation, operations, and scientific investigations. (7 marks) Describe what can be done to limit the risk posed by volcanic eruptions to people and property in a named location. Fast-moving lava can kill people and falling ash can make it hard for them to breathe. lftaver lies within the eastern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and was the first community to be blanketed by ash fall during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption. We still have the sweeper system it is difficult to depend only on the mobile phones so we still have the sweeper system (O). In the wake of the 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano, scientists are developing infrared technology to help pilots see and steer around ash clouds 4:05 Published: 7 Dec 2011 Evacuation went better because of the experience from previous eruption (V-E). The volcanic event began in March of 2010 but activity only died down later in May. Routledge, New York, Wood MM, Mileti DS, Kano M, Kelley MM, Regan R, Bourque LB (2012) Communicating actionable risk for terrorism and other hazards. Apart from the volcano itself, hot springs and geysers can also bring in tourists. Hence, memories of a significant experience, e.g., that relating to the Eyjafjallajkull eruption, may influence peoples response to a future event, e.g., a catastrophic Katla eruption. In: Taylor A, Carson D, Ensign P, Huskey L, Rasmussen R (eds) Settlements at the edge: remote human settlements in developed nations. Austur-Eyjafjll respondents also recorded the greatest impacts with respect to their home, while Slheimar respondents recorded the greatest impacts to them and/or their familys health and financially. Due to the flank eruption, residents awareness was heightened when the summit eruption began in the early hours of 14 April 2010, with many reporting they were closely monitoring earthquake activity on the Icelandic Meteorological Offices website. The questionnaire included 92 open and closed response questions compiled into the following 10 sections, which also formed the basis of the semi-structured interviews. The western part of Mrdalshreppur [municipality] is somewhat forgotten and lost in this all. Of note, 57% of respondents recorded moderate to extreme impacts to them and/or their family emotionally, with Austur-Eyjafjll respondents recording the greatest. Risk Anal 32:616632, Mileti D, Nathe S, Gori P, Greene M, Lemersal E (2004) Public hazards communication and education: the state of the art. And of course [Eyjafjallajkull] they want to say theyve been here. Icelandic Meteorlogical Office, Reykjavk, Sjberg L (2000) Factors in risk perception. Subsequently, a risk map was created that assessed and identified areas around the volcano that was specifically vulnerable if another eruption was going to occur, so people won't choose to build in these . This is because the sweepers, who are residents of the immediate neighbourhood, are only active during a volcanic eruption. The Heimaey eruption of 1973 kick-started Iceland's rescue and evacuation framework in earnest, and today the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management oversees these kinds of operations. By undertaking research within this time period, we were able to capture more detailed and accurate narratives of actions and perspectives of the decision-making process, given that intricate details of which fade with time. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano had a huge impact on air travel, changing the assessment of risk by the aviation sector and catalyzing new lines of scientific investigation. Lahars caused severe erosion to rivers. 3)an observation that is supported by verbatim quotes presented in the previous sections. The population is also aging but at the same time, the number of children and youths in the region has decreased while the number of young adults has increased. It is a small community. Specific livelihood details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data from the capital region and outside the capital region. You have to know what is around you. Not only was this apparent in regards to residents wanting to abide by police orders, but also with respect to their neighbours and the local rescue team. A further 21% received news from family, friends or neighbours and 36% heard about it on the radio. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Brint S (2001) Gemeinschaft revisited: a critique and reconstruction of the community concept. Yet, while eruptions are spectacular to watch, they can cause disastrous loss of life and property, especially in densely populated regions of the world. Aust J Emerg Manag 15:5863, Paton D, Smith L, Daly M, Johnston D (2008) Risk perception and volcanic hazard mitigation: individual and social perspectives. That is, we endeavoured to capture perspectives from every permanent household within these communities. The approximate 700 residents that evacuated were allowed to return to their homes when the eruption was confirmed in the flank of the volcano and not under the glacier. Published Apr 17, 2020. Haiti earthquake 2010. hours by the crew of a Coast Guard helicopter show a 2,6 km long slow-flowing lava . In addition to these systems, recent unrest in rfajkull has called for the development of further emergency response plans in South Iceland (Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn, 2017, Hskuldsson, 2015). Population data by age and gender is available from 1998. Nevertheless, only 5% reported environmental cues as the first notification they received that a second eruption had begun. The eruption, which began on 26 October, has already left 141 people dead and 453 injured near the volcano, which is located some 30km north of the city of Yogyakarta. Over 100,000 flights were cancelled over that week, affecting 7 million passengers, and resulting in $1.7 billion USD in lost revenue to airlines according to an analysis by Oxford Economics. Coupled with the changing social characteristics, this paper provides a unique perspective of how residents may behave when faced with future evacuation orders. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C. Tversky A, Kahneman D (1973) Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability. This loss was most keenly felt in the male age group 017 years (loss of 0.72). Ten years ago the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted, sending a plume of volcanic ash over nine kilometers into the sky. It is almost impossible to know exactly how many people are located in a given area at any point in time. Officials were also very pleased with public response to the evacuation orders. Rep. 2:572, Haynes K, Barclay J, Pidgeon N (2008) The issue of trust and its influence on risk communication during a volcanic crisis. Overall, residents believed they coped rather well with the eruptions (Table 3). People who lack their own personal experience (i.e., new residents, tourists) might be influenced by vivid accounts from other members of the public more so than from volcanologists communicating geophysical probabilistic data (Lindell and Perry, 2004). Hence, respondents know the person as a neighbour or as a rescue team member rather than a sweeper. Report to ICAO-June 2012. It may also relate to the incessant news broadcasts that some believed exaggerated the level of impacts in the region (Bird et al., 2011, Bird et al., 2018). The majority of respondents declared farming as their occupation. In particular, the regions economic base is evolving from traditional farming practices to one that is increasingly reliant on tourism. They can also die from famine, fires and earthquakes which can be related to volcanoes. Residents attributed this success to the desire to conform to authorities that are known to them on a more personal basis. IOM is providing transport for the government, international and local NGOs to distribute non-food relief items for some 290,000 people displaced by the eruption of Mount Merapi in Central Java. Palgrave Commun 4, 151 (2018). The years of 2000, 2008 and 2016 were selected as equal time periods of available data from the most recent year (i.e., 2016, as accessed in 2017). Google Scholar, Statistics Iceland (2016) Population by municipalities, sex and age 1 January 1998-2016Current municipalities. It was an enormously costly "one-size-fits-all". 08 July 2021. Out of 61 households approached to take part in the survey, 58 completed the questionnaire (one respondent per household) giving a response rate of 95%. There is no doubt that as the worlds population continues to grow and expand in hazardous environments, so too does our vulnerability to disaster. Informed consent to interview and audio record was granted prior to commencement. Follow-up interviews were conducted in 2016 with the Chief of Police, the Chief Superintendent, the head of Rangring eystra and two local residents who operated both farming and tourism businesses. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 19:117143, Gumundsson MT, Gylfason G (2005) Httumat vegna eldgosa og hlaupa fr vestanverum Mrdalsjkli og Eyjafjallajkli. Lava or Volcanic Bombs . https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/innanrikisraduneyti-media/media/frettir-2014/logreglan.pdf. This positive experience enabled compliance with subsequent evacuation notices when the second stage of the eruption began at the summit of Eyjafjallajkull. , 2010 occurred on March 20, 2010 May behave when faced with evacuation! 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Cross, Action Aid and Oxfam provided food and blankets from people who experienced event. % reported environmental cues as the communities diversify, so too will peoples beliefs, and... Surprised when it turned out to be everywhere and its still the same, now... Into the South region ( Statistics Iceland, 2017b ) year round taking 3045min up. ( 1999 ) Understanding disaster warning responses 36min to complete, respectively enormously costly & quot one-size-fits-all... 1999 ) Understanding disaster warning responses Facing the unexpected: disaster preparedness and response in United! Erupt - Newstimepaper, this week 17,000 earthquakes struck southwestern Iceland in 2010, and scientific.... But activity only died down later in May or as a rescue team is more prominent within the as. Increasingly reliant on tourism this trust has stemmed from open, regular transparent... Provides a unique perspective of how residents May also benefit from storytelling, involving accounts! 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