[25] Radiocarbon dated specimens from Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains estimate the oldest Denisovan specimen lived 195122,700 years ago. A Russian missile strike on an apartment building in Dnipro in central Ukraine has left at least 40 people dead, making it one of the deadliest single attacks of the war. [92] These reforms spurred industrialisation, and modernised the Imperial Russian Army, which liberated much of the Balkans from Ottoman rule in the aftermath of the 18771878 Russo-Turkish War. Following the Russian Civil War, the Russian SFSR established the Soviet Union (with three other Soviet republics), within which it was the largest and principal constituent. [51] Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factbook. [391] Nine Soviet and Russian mathematicians have been awarded with the Fields Medal. [423], Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the Golden Ring of Russia, a theme route of ancient Russian cities, cruises on large rivers such as the Volga, hikes on mountain ranges such as the Caucasus Mountains,[424] and journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway. [503] The nation has also made pioneering contributions to science and technology and space exploration. [44] Galicia-Volhynia in the southwest would inherit the territory of Kiev and be absorbed by Lithuania and Poland in the mid-fourteenth century, the Novgorod Republic prospered in the north, and on the northeastern periphery Vladimir-Suzdal established traditions under Mongol vassalage that would form the autocratic Russian state. [63], Led by Prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow, the united army of Russian principalities inflicted a milestone defeat on the Mongol-Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380. The vocabulary (mainly abstract and literary words), principles of word formations, and, to some extent, inflections and literary style of Russian have been also influenced by Church Slavonic, a developed and partly Russified form of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic language used by the Russian Orthodox Church. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. The dialects show various non-standard grammatical features,[94] some of which are archaisms or descendants of old forms since discarded by the literary language. [522], Early Russian painting is represented in icons and vibrant frescos. "Was it the cookie you ate?"). Also, Russian has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on both languages, but because of later interaction in the 19th and 20th centuries, Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian. The standard language is used in written and spoken form almost everywhere in the country, from Kaliningrad and Saint Petersburg in the West to Vladivostok and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in the East, the enormous distance between notwithstanding. [509], Russia has eightpublic, patriotic, and religiousofficial holidays. WebRussia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. [457][458] The amendments of 2020 to the constitution added, in the Article 67, the continuity of the Russian state in history based on preserving "the memory of the ancestors" and general "ideals and belief in God" which the ancestors conveyed. [72], Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of the Cossacks. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. [51] School education in the Russian language is a very contentious point in Estonian politics, but as of 2019 promises have been given that such schools will remain open in the near future. 31 Dec 1999: Putin Presidency begins in Russia. Russia is among the world's most educated countries, and has the sixth-highest proportion of tertiary-level graduates in terms of percentage of population, at 62.1%. [156], From 1985 onwards, the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who sought to enact liberal reforms in the Soviet system, introduced the policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to end the period of economic stagnation and to democratise the government. "[188], Following a diplomatic crisis with neighboring Georgia, the Russo-Georgian War took place during 112 August 2008, resulting in Russia recognising two separatist states in the occupied territories of Georgia. [137], The 19411945 period of World WarII is known in Russia as the Great Patriotic War. [51] 26% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 5% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work.[52]. [155] In May 1988, the Soviets started to withdraw from Afghanistan, due to international opposition, persistent anti-Soviet guerrilla warfare, and a lack of support by Soviet citizens. [395] Oleg Losev made crucial contributions in the field of semiconductor junctions, and discovered light-emitting diodes. [584], Russian philosophy has been greatly influential. [252], According to the constitution, the Russian Federation is composed of 89 federal subjects. [38] The genetic makeup of speakers of the Uralic language family in northern Europe was shaped by migration from Siberia that began at least 3,500 years ago. [436] However, since 2020, due to excessive deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia's population has undergone its largest peacetime decline in history. [228] Climate change in Russia is causing more frequent wildfires,[229] and thawing the country's large expanse of permafrost. . . . [78], CatherineII ("the Great"), who ruled in 17621796, presided over the Russian Age of Enlightenment. [574] Other important 19th-century developments included the fabulist Ivan Krylov,[575] non-fiction writers such as the critic Vissarion Belinsky,[576] and playwrights such as Aleksandr Griboyedov and Aleksandr Ostrovsky. [87] There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian, and a moderate degree of it in all modern Slavic languages, at least at the conversational level.[88][89]. [473] Regional authorities regulate education within their jurisdictions within the prevailing framework of federal laws. ", Iliev, Iv. During the post-World War II era, Russia was a central player in international affairs, locked in a Cold War struggle with the United States.In 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia joined with [486] In 2019, the overall life expectancy in Russia at birth was 73.2 years (68.2 years for males and 78.0 years for females),[487] and it had a very low infant mortality rate (5 per 1,000 live births). [52] On September 5, 2017, Ukraine's Parliament passed a new education law which bars primary education to all students in any language but Ukrainian. Education in Russian is still a popular choice for both Russian as a second language (RSL) and native speakers in Russia, and in many former Soviet republics. In 1991, the Russian SFSR emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as the independent Russian Federation. [51] According to the Primary Chronicle, a Varangian from the Rus' people, named Rurik, was elected ruler of Novgorod in 862. Russian and Church Slavonic with Old Russian vocabulary. .: , 1987. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. The Russian-imposed governor of Sevastopol, Mikhail Razvozhayev, has posted to Telegram to say that in total the air defences of the Crimean city repulsed 10 drones from Ukraine this morning. [160] On 17 March, a referendum was held, in which the vast majority of participating citizens voted in favour of changing the Soviet Union into a renewed federation. WebRussian ( s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: Russians ( , russkiye ), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries. Old New Year is celebrated on 14 January. [190], In 2014, following a revolution in Ukraine, Russia invaded and annexed the neighboring country's Crimean peninsula,[191] and contributed to the outbreak of war in eastern Ukraine with direct intervention by Russian troops. Once an underdeveloped, peasant society, Russia underwent an intense centrally [511] Defender of the Fatherland Day, dedicated to men, is celebrated on 23 February. [82], Russian is a rather homogeneous language, in dialectal variation, due to the early political centralization under Moscow's rule, compulsory education, mass migration from rural to urban areas in the 20th century, and other factors. Alexander Herzen is known as one of the fathers of agrarian populism. [226] Most of northwest Russia and Siberia have a subarctic climate, with extremely severe winters in the inner regions of northeast Siberia (mostly Sakha, where the Northern Pole of Cold is located with the record low temperature of 71.2C or 96.2F),[219] and more moderate winters elsewhere. The era of the 1970s and the early 1980s was later designated as the Era of Stagnation. Great ranges of temperature are typical. [5] Large populations of Buddhists are found in Kalmykia, Buryatia, Zabaykalsky Krai, and they are the vast majority of the population in Tuva. [86] In 1820, a Russian expedition discovered the continent of Antarctica. [611] Wine has become increasingly popular in Russia in the 21st century. Can Russians from different locations of the country understand each other? [79] In the south, after the successful Russo-Turkish Wars against the Ottoman Empire, Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, by dissolving the Crimean Khanate, and annexing Crimea. Federal regions also have their own departments of health that oversee local administration. [44], The inhabitants of Rus' regional centres would later evolve into modern nationalities: Belarusians in the northwest, Russians in the north and northeast, and Ukrainians in the southeast and southwest. 6 January], 1918, the Russian Constituent Assembly declared Russia a democratic federal republic (thus ratifying the Provisional Government's decision). It retains its classical and Soviet-era architecture; while boasting high art, world class ballet, and modern skyscrapers. .: , 2003. [132] Subsequently, the Germans were dealt major defeats first at the Battle of Stalingrad in the winter of 19421943,[133] and then in the Battle of Kursk in the summer of 1943. Igor Sikorsky was an aviation pioneer. Ethnic groups in Russia with a population of over 1 million according to the 2010 census. [153] Following the ousting of Khrushchev in 1964, another period of collective rule ensued, until Leonid Brezhnev became the leader. Rossiyane ( ), Russian language term for all citizens and people of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use. Russian grammar encompasses: The spoken language has been influenced by the literary one but continues to preserve characteristic forms. [citation needed]. [174] The 1990s were plagued by armed conflicts in the North Caucasus, both local ethnic skirmishes and separatist Islamist insurrections. [310] It was the lowest rated European country in Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index for 2021, ranking 136th out of 180 countries. There is also the Russian language department, where students can scrutinize e-books without internet connection. A Russian missile strike on an apartment building in Dnipro in central Ukraine has left at least 40 people dead, making it one of the deadliest single attacks of the war. Winter precipitation in most parts of the country usually falls as snow. [j] In 1993, when the new constitution was adopted, there were 89 federal subjects listed, but some were later merged. [70] Additionally, 1,854,700 residents of Kyrgyzstan aged 15 and above fluently speak Russian as a second language, or 49.6% of the population in the age group. [503] The comedies of Eldar Ryazanov and Leonid Gaidai of that time were immensely popular, with many of the catchphrases still in use today. WebThe Russian Federation (Russia) is physically the largest country in the world, covering 6.6 million square miles and 11 time zones over its 6,000-mile length. [226] The region along the Lower Volga and Caspian Sea coast, as well as some southernmost slivers of Siberia, possess a semi-arid climate. Stressed vowels are somewhat lengthened, while unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa. . [208], Russia's vast landmass stretches over the easternmost part of Europe and the northernmost part of Asia. [334] Its foreign exchange reserves are the world's fifth-largest, worth $540 billion. [134] Another German failure was the Siege of Leningrad, in which the city was fully blockaded on land between 1941 and 1944 by German and Finnish forces, and suffered starvation and more than a million deaths, but never surrendered. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. Breslauer, George W. and Colton, Timothy J. In the 1930s, Socialist realism became the predominant trend in Russia. [57], Kievan Rus' finally fell to the Mongol invasion of 12371240, which resulted in the sacking of Kiev and other cities, as well as the death of a major part of the population. [478], Admission to an institute of higher education is selective and highly competitive:[474] first-degree courses usually take five years. [48], The ancestors of Russians are among the Slavic tribes that separated from the Proto-Indo-Europeans, who appeared in the northeastern part of Europe c.1500years ago. 2 mins. In 1963, Valentina Tereshkova became the first and youngest woman in space, having flown a solo mission on Vostok 6. [377] The country's agricultural land is considered part of the "breadbasket" of Europe. "" (XI-XII )", "Geoarchaeology of the earliest paleolithic sites (Oldowan) in the North Caucasus and the East Europe", "Age estimates for hominin fossils and the onset of the Upper Palaeolithic at Denisova Cave", "Mum's a Neanderthal, Dad's a Denisovan: First discovery of an ancient-human hybrid", "Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia", "New data for the Early Upper Paleolithic of Kostenki (Russia)", "Ancient genomes show social and reproductive behavior of early Upper Paleolithic foragers", "Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe, transforming the local population", "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe", "Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians", "1998 NOVA documentary: "Ice Mummies: Siberian Ice Maiden", "Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe", Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, "Genome-wide sequence analyses of ethnic populations across Russia", "Exploration and Settlement on the Alaskan Coast", "Who really discovered Antarctica? [402] Many famous Russian scientists and inventors were migrs. [640] The annual Formula One Russian Grand Prix was held at the Sochi Autodrom in the Sochi Olympic Park, until its termination following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan", ", . [484] Its healthcare expenditure is notably lower than other developed nations. Judicial Power | The Constitution of the Russian Federation", "Putin strongly backed in controversial Russian reform vote", "Russia & Democratic Backsliding: The Future of Putinism", "Russia on the road to dictatorship: Internal political repercussions of the attack on Ukraine", "Digitalization management system of Russia's federal cities focused on prospective application throughout the country", "What is the Collective Security Treaty Organisation? (See also: vowel reduction in Russian. [51] 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. [24] Flint tools, some 1.5 million years old, have been discovered in the North Caucasus. Russian is the primary language of the overwhelming majority of people in Russia and is also used as a second language in The large service sector accounts for 62% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector (32%), while the agricultural sector is the smallest, making up only 5% of total GDP. became more prominent in later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants "Rus land". ", "Russian crackdown brings pro-Navalny protests to halt", "The Victims of Putin's Crackdown On The Press", "Why Do Russian Journalists Keep Falling? . . Fighting continues after a 36-hour Russian-proposed ceasefire which Ukraine dismissed as a cynical ploy ended overnight Saturday. The standard language, based on the Moscow dialect, possesses heavy stress and moderate variation in pitch. [192] Russia steeply escalated the war by launching a full-scale invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022. Soledar has been the centre of Russian aggression in recent days as it lies Military intervention in the post-soviet states include a war with Georgia in 2008, and the invasion and destablisation of Ukraine beginning in 2014. WebThe Russians (Russian: , romanized: russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. For all intents and purposes, krais are legally identical to oblasts. [214][215] The Ural Mountains, running north to south through the country's west, are rich in mineral resources, and form the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia. 2010 . [420], According to the World Tourism Organization, Russia was the sixteenth-most visited country in the world, and the tenth-most visited country in Europe, in 2018, with over 24.6 million visits. [291] Russia maintains the world's fourth-highest military expenditure, spending $61.7 billion in 2020. Russian artillery fire down 75% in some areas, US officials say, in latest sign of struggles for Moscow. [h][218] Its major islands and archipelagos include Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, the Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin. [41] In classical antiquity, the Pontic-Caspian Steppe was known as Scythia. [212] Russia, by landmass, is larger than three continents,[g] and has the same surface area as Pluto. Stress, which is often unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically,[33] though an optional acute accent may be used to mark stress such as to distinguish between homographic words (e.g. Russian has preserved an Indo-European synthetic-inflectional structure, although considerable leveling has occurred. About 2 million years ago, representatives of Homo erectus migrated to the Taman Peninsula in southern Russia. [108] By the end of the violent civil war, Russia's economy and infrastructure were heavily damaged, and as many as 10 million perished during the war, mostly civilians. [595] Flavourful soups and stews include shchi, borsch, ukha, solyanka, and okroshka. In winter, temperatures get colder both from south to north and from west to east. [569] Then came Ivan Turgenev, who mastered both short stories and novels. [28] It is the world's seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers, and the world's eighth-most spoken language by total number of speakers. The hard consonants are often velarized, especially before front vowels, as in Irish and Marshallese. In a number of locations they issue their own newspapers, and live in ethnic enclaves (especially the generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early 1960s). WebRussian ( s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: Russians ( , russkiye ), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries. Palatalization means that the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant. [561] Pop music has continued to flourish in Russia since the 1960s, with globally famous acts such as t.A.T.u. Mike Myrianthis, a Greek oil industry veteran, believes that whoever bombed the Nord Stream 2 pipeline opened a can of worms. [60] In contrast to the other two Baltic states, Lithuania has a relatively small Russian-speaking minority (5.0% as of 2008). [30] Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station,[31] as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations.[32]. 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